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authoritative text

Толкование Перевод

1 authoritative text

официальный текст

Politics english-russian dictionary > authoritative text
2 authoritative text

Jur. texte faisant foi

English-French dictionary of law, politics, economics & finance > authoritative text
3 authoritative, text

texte m qui fait autorité

English-French legislative terms > authoritative, text
4 text

n

текст

to adopt a text by consensus — единодушно принимать текст (какого-л. документа)

to amend a text — вносить в текст изменения / поправки

to cancel a text — аннулировать текст

to clarify the text — уточнять текст (договора и т.п.)

to deposit the authentic text in the archives — сдавать оригинал в архив

to draft out a text — вырабатывать текст

to refer to the text — ссылаться на текст

to reproduce the text in full / in part — воспроизводить текст полностью / частично

to secure conformity between texts — обеспечивать согласованность текстов

to vote a text — проводить голосование по тексту

to weaken the text — ослаблять текст ( резолюции)

to work out a text — вырабатывать текст

- agreed text
- authentic text
- authoritative text
- equally authentic texts of the Charter
- final text
- jointly drafted text
- negotiated treaty text
- original text
- plain text
- revised text

Politics english-russian dictionary > text
5 authoritative

authoritative adj LAW maßgeblich; verbindlich (text)

Englisch-Deutsch Fachwörterbuch der Wirtschaft > authoritative
6 text

n

1) текст; редакция

- approve the text

- adoption of a text

- approval of a text

- consolidate two texts

- both texts are equally authentic

- both texts are equally authoritative

- the text is equally authoritative in each language

2) оригинал, подлинник

•

- revised text

- text of a convention

- well-balanced text

- original text of the treaty

- authentication of the text of a treaty

- agreed text

- compromise text

- approved text

- comprehensive text

- awkward text

- concise text

- principal text

- text of an agreement

- original text of the agreement

- text of the agreement reached

- watered-down text

- corrupt text

- original text

- text of a treaty

English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > text
7 the text is equally authoritative in each language

Дипломатический термин: текст на каждом языке имеет одинаковую силу

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the text is equally authoritative in each language
8 Authentic text; authoritative

نص رَسْمِيّ ، - أصلى

English-Arabic economic glossary > Authentic text; authoritative
9 the text is equally authoritative in each language

текст на каждом языке имеет одинаковую силу

Англо-русский дипломатический словарь > the text is equally authoritative in each language
10 the text is equally authoritative in each language

текст на каждом языке имеет одинаковую силу

English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > the text is equally authoritative in each language
11 authentic

ɔ:ˈθentɪk прил.
1) аутентичный, истинный, настоящий, подлинный, неподдельный Syn: genuine, real
2) авторитетный, надежный Syn: authoritative
3) верный, достоверный
подлинный, аутентичный - * signature подлинная подпись - * text подлинный /аутентичный/ текст (юридическое) действительный, документально доказанный, имеющий законную силу достоверный, верный - * news достоверные сведения /известия/ - an * reproduction of a medieval farmhouse верная во всех подробностях модель средневекового крестьянского дома( разговорное) искренний, подлинный - with * feeling с искренним /неподдельным/ чувством (музыкальное) автентический - * cadence автентический каданс

authentic аутентичный ~ действительный ~ документально доказанный ~ достоверный, верный ~ достоверный ~ имеющий законную силу ~ имеющий силу оригинала ~ оригинальный ~ подлинный, аутентичный ~ подлинный

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > authentic
12 standard

1. noun
1) (norm) Maßstab, der

safety standards — Sicherheitsnormen

above/below/up to standard — überdurchschnittlich [gut]/unter dem Durchschnitt/der Norm entsprechend

2) (degree) Niveau, das

set a high/low standard in or of something — hohe/niedrige Ansprüche an etwas (Akk.) stellen

standard of living — Lebensstandard, der

3) in pl. (moral principles) Prinzipien

4) (flag) Standarte, die
2. adjective
1) (conforming to standard) Standard-; (used as reference) Normal-

2) (widely used) normal

be standard procedure — Vorschrift sein

be fitted with something as standard — serienmäßig mit etwas ausgerüstet sein

a standard letter — ein Schemabrief (Bürow.)

be standard practice — allgemein üblich sein

* * *
['stændəd] 1. noun
1) (something used as a basis of measurement: The kilogram is the international standard of weight.) die Norm

2) (a basis for judging quality, or a level of excellence aimed at, required or achieved: You can't judge an amateur artist's work by the same standards as you would judge that of a trained artist; high standards of behaviour; His performance did not reach the required standard.) die Anforderung

3) (a flag or carved figure etc fixed to a pole and carried eg at the front of an army going into battle.) die Standarte
2. adjective
((accepted as) normal or usual; The Post Office likes the public to use a standard size of envelope.) Einheits-...

- academic.ru/70253/standardize">standardize
- standardise
- standardization
- standardisation
- standard-bearer
- be up to / below standard
- standard of living
* * *

stand·ard

[ˈstændəd, AM -dɚd]

I. n

1. (level of quality) Standard m, Qualitätsstufe f

this essay is of an acceptable \standard dieser Essay ist von durchschnittlicher Qualität

to be up to [sb's] \standard an jds Standard heranreichen

to raise \standards das Niveau heben

2. (criterion) Gradmesser m, Richtlinie f, Maßstab m

\standards of behaviour Verhaltensmaßstäbe pl

safety \standard Maß nt an Sicherheit

by today's \standards nach heutigen Maßstäben [o Begriffen]

to set high/low \standards hohe/geringe Ansprüche stellen

to be above/below \standard über/unter der Norm liegen

to be up to \standard der Norm entsprechen

3. (principles)

▪ \standards pl Wertvorstellungen pl

\standards of behaviour Verhaltensnormen pl

moral \standards moralische Prinzipien [o Normen

4. (currency basis) Währungsstandard m

gold/silver \standard Gold-/Silberwährung f

5. (in forestry) Eichmaß nt, Richtmaß nt

6. (flag) Standarte f

7. HORT [Hoch]stamm m

8. BOT Blumenblatt nt

9. MUS Klassiker m

old \standard Oldie m fam

10. AM (car) Schaltwagen m

II. adj inv

1. (customary) Standard-

your new TV comes with a two-year guarantee as \standard esp BRIT Ihr neuer Fernseher wird mit der üblichen Zweijahresgarantie geliefert

\standard colour/size/unit Standardfarbe/-größe/-einheit f

\standard cost Standardkosten pl

\standard draft LAW Standardentwurf m

\standard fee Normalgebühr f

\standard interest FIN Normalzins m

\standard interest rate FIN Einheitszinssatz m

\standard procedures Standardvorschriften pl

\standard quotation STOCKEX Einheitskurs m

\standard working time ADMIN Normalarbeitszeit f

2. (average) durchschnittlich

3. (authoritative)

\standard book/work Standardwerk m

\standard text Standardtext m

4. LING Standard-

\standard English die englische Hochsprache

\standard American die US-amerikanische Hochsprache

5. AM (manual)

\standard shift Standardschaltung f

\standard transmission Standardgetriebe nt

6. CHEM

\standard titrimetric substance CHEM Urtiter m

* * *
['stndəd]
1. n

1) (= average, established norm) Norm f; (= criterion) Maßstab m; (usu pl = moral standards) (sittliche) Maßstäbe pl

to set a good standard — Maßstäbe setzen

to be above/below standard — über/unter der Norm sein or liegen

to be up to standard —

his (moral) standards are abysmally low — er hat eine erschreckend niedere Moral

to conform to society's standards — den Wertvorstellungen der Gesellschaft entsprechen

he sets himself very high standards — er stellt hohe Anforderungen an sich (acc) selbst

by any standard(s) — egal, welche Maßstäbe man anlegt

by today's standard(s) — aus heutiger Sicht

2) (= degree, level) Niveau nt

standard of living — Lebensstandard m

standard of culture — kulturelles Niveau

first-year university standard — Wissensstand m

of high/low standard — von hohem/niedrigem Niveau

3) (MEASUREMENT) (Maß)einheit f, Standard m; (= monetary standard) (Währungs)standard m

these coins don't contain enough silver to conform to the monetary standard — diese Münzen enthalten weniger Silber, als dem Münzfuß entspräche

4) (= flag) Flagge f, Fahne f; (on car) Stander m; (= royal standard) (königliche) Standarte

5) (= pole) Mast m

6) (HORT) (Hoch)stamm m

standard rose — Stammrose f

7) (= piece of popular music) Klassiker m

2. adj

1) (= usual, customary) üblich; (COMM) Standard-, (handels)üblich; (= average) performance, work durchschnittlich; (= widely referred to) Standard-

standard model — Standardmodell nt

standard weight — Normalgewicht nt

such requirements are not standard — solche Forderungen sind nicht die Norm or Regel

to be standard practice — üblich sein

2) (LING) (allgemein) gebräuchlich

standard English — korrektes Englisch

standard German — Hochdeutsch nt

that word is hardly standard — dieses Wort ist ziemlich ungebräuchlich

* * *

standard¹ [ˈstændə(r)d]

A s

1. Standard m, Norm f

2. Muster n, Vorbild n

3. Maßstab m:

apply another standard fig einen anderen Maßstab anlegen;

standard of value Wertmaßstab;

by sb’s standard

a) für jemandes Begriffe, nach jemandes Begriffen,

b) nach eigenen Maßstäben;

by present-day standards nach heutigen Begriffen; → double standard

4. Richt-, Eichmaß n, Standard m

5. Richtlinie f:

code of standards Richtlinien

6. (Mindest)Anforderungen pl:

be up to (below) standard den Anforderungen (nicht) genügen oder entsprechen;

set high standards ( oder a high standard) (for) viel verlangen (von), hohe Anforderungen stellen (an akk);

set new standards neue Maßstäbe setzen;

standards of entry SCHULE Aufnahmebedingungen;

standard of living Lebensstandard m

7. WIRTSCH Standard(qualität) m(f), -ausführung f

8. (Gold- etc) Währung f, (-)Standard m

9. Standard m:

a) Feingehalt m, Feinheit f (der Edelmetalle)

b) Münzfuß m

10. Stand m, Niveau n, Grad m:

a high standard of ein hohes Maß an (dat);

be of a high standard ein hohes Niveau haben;

standard of knowledge Bildungsgrad, -stand;

standard of performance SPORT Leistungsstand, -niveau;

standard of play SPORT Spielniveau;

standard of prices Preisniveau, -spiegel m

11. SCHULE besonders Br Stufe f, Klasse f

12. Standard m (ein Holzmaß)

B adj

1. a) Norm…:

standard part;

standard specifications Normvorschriften

b) normal:

standard type TYPO normale Schrift (-form)

c) Normal…:

standard atmosphere (candle, clock, film, time, etc):

standard ga(u)ge

d) Standard…, Einheits…, TECH auch serienmäßig, Serien…:

standard model;

standard letter Postwesen: Serienbrief m;

standard size gängige Größe (Schuhe etc);

standard software IT Standardprogramm n;

standard pronunciation Standardaussprache f;

be standard on zur Serienausstattung bei (oder gen) gehören

e) Durchschnitts…:

standard value;

standard assessment task Br Einstufungstest m;

standard rate WIRTSCH Grund-, Einheitsgebühr f, auch Normalsatz m;

standard weight Normal-, Eichgewicht n, auch Gewichtseinheit f

2. gültig, maßgebend, Standard…:

standard edition;

standard dollar (HIST Gold)Dollar m;

standard English LING hochsprachliches Englisch;

Standard German LING Hochdeutsch n

3. standard deviation (Statistik) Standardabweichung f

standard² [ˈstændə(r)d]

A s

1. a) MIL, POL Standarte f

b) Fahne f, Flagge f

c) Wimpel m

2. fig Banner n

3. TECH

a) Ständer m

b) Pfosten m, Pfeiler m, Stütze f

c) Gestell n

4. AGR

a) Hochstämmchen n (frei stehender Strauch)

b) Hochstamm m, Baum m (Obst)

5. ORN Fahne f (Federteil)

B adj

1. stehend, Steh…:

standard lamp Br Stehlampe f

2. AGR hochstämmig (Rose etc)

std abk standard

* * *
1. noun
1) (norm) Maßstab, der

safety standards — Sicherheitsnormen

above/below/up to standard — überdurchschnittlich [gut]/unter dem Durchschnitt/der Norm entsprechend

2) (degree) Niveau, das

set a high/low standard in or of something — hohe/niedrige Ansprüche an etwas (Akk.) stellen

standard of living — Lebensstandard, der

3) in pl. (moral principles) Prinzipien

4) (flag) Standarte, die
2. adjective
1) (conforming to standard) Standard-; (used as reference) Normal-

2) (widely used) normal

be standard procedure — Vorschrift sein

be fitted with something as standard — serienmäßig mit etwas ausgerüstet sein

a standard letter — ein Schemabrief (Bürow.)

be standard practice — allgemein üblich sein

* * *

adj.

Norm- präfix.

maßgebend adj.

mustergültig adj.

normal adj.

serienmäßig adj. n.

Maßstab -¨e m.

Standard -s m.

Standarte f.

standardmäßig adj.

tariflich adj.

English-german dictionary > standard
13 standard

standard [ˈstændəd]

1. noun

( = norm) norme f ; ( = criterion) critère m ; (intellectual) niveau m (voulu)

• to be up to standard [person] être à la hauteur ; [thing] être de la qualité voulue

• judging by that standard selon ce critère

• his standards are high il est très exigeant

• the standard of the exam was low le niveau de l'examen était bas

• to have high moral standards avoir un sens moral très développé

2. adjective

   a. ( = regular) normal ; [model, design, feature] standard inv ; [product] ordinaire

• a standard car une voiture de série

• it's standard practice c'est une pratique courante

   b. [pronunciation, grammar] correct

   c. [text, book] de référence

3. compounds

► standard class noun seconde classe f

► Standard English noun anglais m correct → ENGLISH

► Standard Grade noun (in Scottish schools) ≈ épreuve f du brevet des collèges

► standard lamp noun (British) lampadaire m

► standard of living noun niveau m de vie

► standard time noun heure f légale

* * *
['stændəd] 1.
noun

1) ( level of quality) niveau m

standards of service — la qualité du service

this wine is excellent by any standards — ce vin est incontestablement excellent

to have high/low standards — [worker] être très/peu consciencieux; [school, institution] être d'un bon/mauvais niveau

to have double standards — faire deux poids deux mesures

2) ( official specification) norme f ( for de)

3) ( requirement) (of student, work) niveau m requis; (of hygiene, safety) critères mpl

not to be up to standard — ne pas avoir le niveau requis

to set the standard for others to follow — imposer un modèle à suivre

by today's standards — selon les critères actuels

4) ( banner) étendard m

5) ( song) standard m
2.
adjective

1) ( normal) [size, equipment, rate] standard; [procedure] habituel/-uelle; [image] traditionnel/-elle

it's standard practice to do — il est d'usage de faire

this model includes a car radio as standard — ce modèle est équipé en série d'une autoradio

2) ( authoritative) [work] de référence

3) (also standard class) GB Railways [ticket] de seconde classe

English-French dictionary > standard
14 standard

stand·ard [ʼstændəd, Am -dɚd] n

1) ( level of quality) Standard m, Qualitätsstufe f;

this essay is of an acceptable \standard dieser Essay ist von durchschnittlicher Qualität;

to be up to [sb's] \standard an jds Standard m heranreichen;

to raise \standards das Niveau heben

2) ( criterion) Gradmesser m, Richtlinie f, Maßstab m;

\standards of behaviour Verhaltensmaßstäbe mpl;

safety \standard Maß nt an Sicherheit;

by today's \standards nach heutigen Maßstäben [o Begriffen];

to set high/low \standards hohe/geringe Ansprüche stellen;

to be above/below \standard über/unter der Norm liegen;

to be up to \standard der Norm entsprechen

3) ( principles)

\standards pl Wertvorstellungen fpl;

\standards of behaviour Verhaltensnormen fpl;

moral \standards moralische Prinzipien [o Normen];

4) ( currency basis) Währungsstandard m;

gold/silver \standard Gold-/Silberwährung f

5) ( in forestry) Eichmaß nt, Richtmaß nt

6) ( flag) Standarte f

7) hort [Hoch]stamm m

8) bot Blumenblatt nt

9) mus Klassiker m;

old \standard Oldie m ( fam)

10) (Am) ( car) Schaltwagen m adj

inv

1) ( customary) Standard-;

your new TV comes with a two-year guarantee as \standard ( esp Brit) Ihr neuer Fernseher wird mit der üblichen Zweijahresgarantie geliefert;

\standard colour/ size/ unit Standardfarbe/-größe/-einheit f;

\standard procedures Standardvorschriften fpl

2) ( average) durchschnittlich

3) ( authoritative)

\standard book/ work Standardwerk m;

\standard text Standardtext m

4) ling Standard-;

\standard English die englische Hochsprache;

\standard American die US-amerikanische Hochsprache

5) (Am) ( manual)

\standard shift Standardschaltung f;

\standard transmission Standardgetriebe nt

English-German students dictionary > standard
15 book

I [bʊk] n
1) книга, том, фолиант, книжечка, книжка, книжонка, альбом, учебник, тетрадь

The book can be easily slipped into a small pocket. — Книжка легко входит в небольшой карман.

His face was an open book. — У него на лице все написано, как на ладони.

These articles were never published in book form. — Эти статьи никогда не выходили книгой.

I will make you a present of this book. — Я вам дам эту книгу в подарок.

A few pages of the book were missing. — Нескольких страниц в книге не хватало.

How many copies of the book were printed? — Сколько экземпляров книги было напечатано? /Какой был тираж книги?

- interesting book
- amusing book
- timely book
- smb's favourite book
- little book
- bulky book
- dirty book
- immoral book
- telephone book
- cookery book
- complaint book
- an address book

- good book
- rare book
- historical books
- visitors' book
- gilt-edged book
- stamp book
- name book
- autograph book
- learned books
- ancient book
- long book
- incomplete book
- useful book
- wise book
- elementary book
- reliable book
- juvenile book
- fresh and unconventional book
- dynamic book
- readable book
- second-hand books
- mislaid books
- sexy book
- authoritative book
- amazing book
- dummy book
- uncut book
- unknown book
- adventure books
- geopraphy book
- text book
- school book
- class book
- desk book
- instruction book
- question-answer book
- jest book
- picture book
- travel books
- prayer book
- pocket reference book
- nonfiction books
- childrens books
- gift book
- six-penny book
- two volume book
- Good Book
- Red Book
- Blue Book
- reference book
- guide book
- hymn book
- exercise book
- pattern book
- signal-book
- catalogue book
- seven-day book
- Devil's book
- inspiring book
- forthcoming books
- betting book
- illustrated book
- unwritten book
- well bound book
- stitched book
- book cover
- book jacket
- book readers
- book store
- book club
- book stand
- book size
- book page
- book plate
- book on art
- book abou the history of this country
- book about great inventions
- book by Dickens
- book bound in leather
- book of stories
- book of the oppera
- book of fate
- book of Nature
- Book of Books
- book of life
- first Book on the Bible
- book in English
- book with prints
- book for beginners
- book in several volumes
- book in folio
- book of stamps
- book of needles
- closed book to smb
- passage in a book
- book devoted to the subject of sociology
- bundle pile of books
- title of the book
- review of a book
- set of four books
- borrow books from a library
- read books
- return books to the library
- bring new books out
- consist made up of three books
- prepare one's book for the press
- be at one's books
- sign the Visitors' book
- write off the lost books
- publish books
- abridge books
- lend out books
- bind books
- pack up books
- renew books
- skim the book
- thumb the book
- set up a book
- talk books
- misplace a book
- belittle the book
- devote a book to the subject
- introduce the book to the public
- translate the book from German into English
- read a book from cover to cover
- work these facts into the book
- take down a book from the shelf
- arrange books in the alphabetical order
- make books into bundles
- put the book face downwards
- spoil a book by pencil marks
- put the book into the catalogue
- swear on the Bible
- speak by the book
- book is in print
- book is out of print
- book is on sale
- book is sold out
- book sells well
- book was favourably noticed
- book begins with a description of...
- book is fairly readable
- book is badly torn
2) (только множественное число) бухгалтерская книга, конторская книга, реестр, книга записи приходов и расходов

The books show a slight loss. — Финансовые документы показывают небольшие потери/убытки.

He kept books for our business. — Он вел бухгалтерию в нашем предприятии.

- cheque book
- account book
- company books
- firm's book profit
- keep the books of the firm
- examine the books
- do the book
- make false entries in the company's books
•

CHOICE OF WORDS:

(1.) Русское слово "учебник" может иметь разные английские эквиваленты в зависимости от помещенного в них материалы. Наиболее общее слово - textbook - учебник по какому-либо предмету; refference book - справочник, свод правил, знаний в какой-либо области: grammar reference book учебник по грамматике; handbook/deskbook - справочник (который всегда находится под рукой), настольная книга/учебник; manual - инструкция-учебник, например, по сборке телевизора, по установке и эксплуатации стиральной машины: operating manual инструкция по эксплуатации, assembly manual инструкция по сборке; insfallation manual инструкция по установке. (2.) Форма множественного числа books - может называть сборник материалов/документов по учёту, чаще всего финансов: to enter amth in the books записывать что-либо в бухгалтерскую книгу; to be on the books числиться в документах/в архивах; to keep books вести бухгалтерский учет
II [bʊk] v
заказывать, брать заранее

Train tickets must be booked two days in advance. — Железнодорожные билеты надо заказывать за два дня

- book a ticket

English-Russian combinatory dictionary > book
16 authentic

1. a подлинный; аутентичный

authentic signature — подлинная подпись

authentic copy — аутентичная копия

authentic text — аутентичный текст

authentic version — аутентичный текст

authentic document — подлинный документ

authentic signature — подлинная подпись

2. a юр. действительный, документально доказанный, имеющий законную силу

3. a достоверный, верный

authentic news — достоверные сведения

4. a разг. искренний, подлинный

with authentic feeling — с искренним чувством

searching for authentic meaning — в поисках подлинного смысла

5. a муз. автентический

authentic cadence — автентический каданс

authentic cadence — автентический каданс

Синонимический ряд:

1. accurate (adj.) accurate; certain; dependable; factual; official; reliable; verified

2. blown-in-the-bottle (adj.) actual; blown-in-the-bottle; bona fide; genuine; good; indubitable; legitimate; original; pukka; pure; questionless; real; right; simon-pure; sure-enough; uncorrupted; undoubted; undubitable; unquestionable; veritable; very

3. true (adj.) authoritative; convincing; credible; faithful; true; trustworthy; trusty; valid

Антонимический ряд:

baseless; corrupt; counterfeit; disputed; fabulous; false; faulty; fictitious; fraudulent; inaccurate; sham; spurious; unauthorised

English-Russian base dictionary > authentic
17 verified

проверять; проверенный

verified text — проверенный текст

Синонимический ряд:

1. accurate (adj.) accurate; authentic; authoritative; convincing; factual; official; reliable; true; valid

2. backed (verb) attested; authenticated; backed; bear out; bore out/borne out; confirmed; corroborated; demonstrated; established; justified; proved; showed; substantiated; testified; validated; warranted

English-Russian base dictionary > verified
18 Vitruvius Pollio

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building

[br]

b. early first century BC

d. c. 25 BC

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Roman writer on architecture and engineering subjects.

[br]

Nothing is known of Vitruvius apart from what can be gleaned from his only known work, the treatise De architectura. He seems to have been employed in some capacity by Julius Caesar and continued to serve under his heir, Octavianus, later Emperor Augustus, to whom he dedicated his book. It was written towards the end of his life, after Octavianus became undisputed ruler of the Empire by his victory at Actium in 31 BC, and was based partly on his own experience and partly on earlier, Hellenistic, writers.

The De architectura is divided into ten books. The first seven books expound the general principles of architecture and the planning, design and construction of various types of building, public and domestic, including a consideration of techniques and materials. Book 7 deals with interior decoration, including stucco work and painting, while Book 8 treats water supply, from the location of sources to the transport of water by aqueducts, tunnels and pipes. Book 9, after a long and somewhat confused account of the astronomical theories of the day, describes various forms of clock and sundial. Finally, Book 10 deals with mechanical devices for handling building materials and raising and pumping water, for which Vitruvius draws on the earlier Greek authors Ctesibius and Hero.

Although this may seem a motley assembly of subjects, to the Roman architect and builder it was a logical compendium of the subjects he was expected to know about. At the time, Vitruvius' rigid rules for the design of buildings such as temples seem to have had little influence, but his accounts of more practical matters of building materials and techniques were widely used. His illustrations to the original work were lost in antiquity, for no later manuscript includes them. Through the Middle Ages, manuscript copies were made in monastic scriptoria, although the architectural style in vogue had little relevance to those in Vitruvius: these came into their own with the Italian Renaissance. Alberti, writing the first great Renaissance treatise on architecture from 1452 to 1467, drew heavily on De architectura; those who sought to revive the styles of antiquity were bound to regard the only surviving text on the subject as authoritative. The appearance of the first printed edition in 1486 only served to extend its influence.

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Vitruvius was used as a handbook for constructing machines and instruments. For the modern historian of technology and architecture the work is a source of prime importance, although it must be remembered that the illustrations in the early printed editions are of contemporary reproductions of ancient devices using the techniques of the time, rather than authentic representations of ancient technology.

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Bibliography

Of the several critical editions of De architectura there are the Teubner edition, 1899. ed. V.Rose, Leipzig; the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1962, ed. F.Granger, London: Heinemann, (with English trans. and notes); and the Collection Guillaume Budé with French trans. and full commentary, 10 vols, Paris (in progress).

Further Reading

Apart from the notes to the printed editions, see also: H.Plommer, 1973, Vitruvius and Later Roman Building Manuals, London. A.G.Drachmann, 1963, The Mechanical Technology of Greek and Roman Antiquity Copenhagen and London.

S.L.Gibbs, 1976, Greek and Roman Sundials, New Haven and London.

LRD

Biographical history of technology > Vitruvius Pollio

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